Milk Thistle
Milk Thistle - Carduus marianum; Silybum Compositae
Citations Habitat : Throughout Europe, rare in Britain. Common In California
Collection : The mature achenes (seed heads) are cut ant stored in a warm
place. After a few days, tap the heads and collect the seeds.
Part Used : The seeds.
Constituents : Flavolignans; the mixture of these is known as silymarin and
composed mainly of silybin (=silibinin), with isosilybin, dihydrosilybin,
silydianin, silychristin, and in some varieties at least, silandrin, silymonin,
silyhermin and neosilyhermin.
Actions : Hepatic, galactogogue, demulcent, cholagogue.
Indications : For more details on this plants please refer to the section
on the liver. Milk Thistle can be used to increase the secretion and flow
of bile from the liver and gall-bladder. Its traditional use as a liver tonic
has been supported by research showing that it contains constituents which
protect liver cells from chemical damage. It is used in a whole range of
liver and gall bladder conditions including hepatitis and cirrhosis. Historically
this herb has been used in Europe as a liver tonic and current phytotherpy
indicates its use in a whole range of liver and gall bladder conditions including
hepatitis and cirrhosis. It may also have value in the treatment of chronic
uterine problems. A wealth of research done in Germany is revealing exciting
data about reversal of toxic liver damage as well as protection from potential
hepatotoxic agents. A number of chemical components of herb are now being
shown to have this protective effect on liver cells. They are all flavones
and flavo-lignins, the best studied being silymarin. Silymarin has been shown
to reverse the effects of highly toxic alkaloids, such phalloidine and
a-amanitine from the Avenging Angel mushroom (Amanita phalloides) as well
as protect liver cells from their impact. The pharmacodynamics, site and
mechanism of action of silymarin are becoming well understood, providing
insights into the metabolic basis of this herbs activity., an activity long
known and used by medical herbalists. As its name implies, it promotes milk
secretion and is perfectly safe to be used by all breast feeding mothers.
Preparations & Dosage : Infusion: pour a cup of boiling water onto l
teaspoonful of the ground seeds and let infuse for l0-l5 minutes. This should
be drunk three times a day. Tincture: l-2 ml three times a day.
Milk Thistle (Silymarin) a herb most commonly recommended as a liver cleanser
and complementary medical treatment for hepatitis.
Astragalus
Astragalus membranaceus Leguminosae
Citations Names : Milk-vetch root, huang qi
Part Used : Root. Constituents :
Glycosides, Polysaccharides, choline, betaine, rumatakenin, b-sitosterol
Actions : Immunomodulator
Indications : Used since ancient times in Traditional Chinese Medicine, it
has become an important remedy in the west since its effects upon the immune
system came to light. As the power of immunological research is focussed
on medicinal herbs a whole new array of effects are being discovered. The
polysaccharides in Astragalus have been shown to intensify phagocytosis of
reticulo-endothelial systems, stimulate pituitary-adrenal cortical activity
and restore depleted red blood cell formation in bone marrow. Astragalus
is also one of the herbs known to stimulate the bodies natural production
of interferon. The therapeutic potential offered is very exciting. For more
details please refer to pages 3-285 to 3-292. The conclusion being drawn
by most western herbalists is that Astragalus is an ideal remedy for any
one who might be immuno-compromised in any way. This can range from someone
who easily catches colds to someone with cancer.
Preparations & Dosage : Decoction: put l teaspoonful of the root into
a cup of water, bring to boil and simmer for l0-l5 minutes. This should be
drunk three times a day. Tincture: take 2-4 ml of the tincture three times
a day.
Astragalus: a Chinese herb that enhances the antibody reaction to
foreign invaders of all types including cancer.
Ginkgo
Ginkgo biloba Compositae
Citations Names : Maidenhair-Tree
Part Used : Leaves. In oriental herbalism the seed kernel is used extensively.
Constituents : Lignans, especially the ginkgolides.
Miscellaneous: terpenes, tannins.
Flavonoids, mainly flavone glycosides including ginkgetin, quercetin and
kaempferol deriviertives.
Actions : Anti-inflammatory, vasoddilatory, relaxant, digestive bitter, uterine
stimulant.
Indications: Traditionally known as an anti-microbial & anti-tubercular
agent, new research has shown a profound activity on brain function and cerebral
circulation. Clinically it is proving effective in a range of vascular disorders.
Detailed information can be found in other sections Summarizing, Ginkgo has
been suggested in the following conditions:
Vertigo
tinnitus
inner ear disturbances including partial deafness
impairment of memory and ability to concentrate
diminished intellectual capacity and alertness as a result of insufficient
circulation
anxiety, depression, neurological disorders
dementia, Alzeimers disease.
complications of stroke and skull injuries
diminished sight and hearing ability due to vascular insufficiency
intermittent claudication as a result of arterial obstruction
a sensitivity to cold and pallor in the toes due to peripheral circulatory
insufficiency
Raynauds disease
cerebral vascular and nutritional insufficiency
hormonal and neural based disorders as well as angiopathic trophic disorders
arterial circulatory disturbances due to aging, diabetes and nicotine abuse
sclerosis of cerebral arteries with and without mental manifestations
arteriosclerotic angiopathy of lower limbs
diabetic tissue damage with danger of gangrene
chronic arterial obliteration
circulatory disorders of the skin, as well as ulcerations caused by ischaemia.
Preparations & Dosage: Ginkgo is becoming available in a number of different
forms. The clinically recommended dosage range is 40mg of the dried herb
three times a day.
Ginkgo: a potent central nervous system antioxidant for the treatment
of circulation disorders, memory problems, high blood pressure, depression,
tinnitus and immune system disorders.
Echinacea
Echinacea spp.
Compositeae
Citations
Names : Purple Coneflower
Habitat : Throughout North American prairies, plains, and open woodlands.
Part Used : The root.
Constituents : o Echinacoside, in E. angustifolia but not E. purpurea.Research
suggests that the echinacosides glycosides appear to be primary anti-microbial
constituents in Echinacea. However there are many other biologically active
substances present, and there is evidence that they work synergistically.
The polysaccharides, for example, possess the best immune stimulating properties
and are also antiviral.
o Unsaturated isobutyl amides, echinacin and others, in E. angustifolia and
E. pallida.
o Polysaccharides; a heteroxylan and an arabinorhamnogalactan
o Polyacetylenes, at least 13 of which have been isolated. It has been postulated
that these are artifacts formed during storage, since they are found in dried
but not fresh roots of E. pallida.
o Essential oil, containing humulene, caryophyllene and its epoxide, germacrene
D and methyl-p-hydroxycinnamate
o Miscellaneous; vanillin linolenic acid derivatives, a labdane derivative,
alkanes and flavonoids and the alkaloids tussilagine and isotussilagine.
Note: Sesquiterpene esters which were originally identified in commercial
samples of E. purpurea have since been shown to be due to the presence of
an adulterant, Parthenium integrifolium L. (American Feverfew). It appears
that this adulteration may be widespread in commercial samples.
Actions : Anti-microbial, immunomodulator, anti-catarrhal, alterative.
Indications : Echinacea is one of the primary remedies for helping the body
rid itself of microbial infections. It is often effective against both bacterial
and viral attacks, and may be used in conditions such as boils, septicaemia
and similar infections. In conjunction with other herbs it may be used for
any infection anywhere in the body. For example in combination with Yarrow
or Bearberry it will effectively stop cystitis. It is especially useful for
infections of the upper respiratory tract such as laryngitis, tonsillitis
and for catarrhal conditions of the nose and sinus. In general it may be
used widely and safely. The tincture or decoction may be used as a mouthwash
in the treatment of pyorrhoea and gingivitis. It may be used as an external
lotion to help septic sores and cuts. Much research is focussing upon this
plant, providing important insights into its activity and potential uses.
Glycosides from the roots have mild activity against Streptococci and
Staphylococcus aureus. Echinacoside was the most active with about 6 mg being
equivalent to one unit of penicillin. The tincture was able to reduce both
the rate of growth and the rate of reproduction of Trichomonas vaginalis,
and was found to be effective in halting the recurrence of Candida albicans
infection. It seems to prevent infection and repair tissue damaged by infection,
partially through inhibiting the activity of the enzyme hyaluronidase. The
hyaluronidase system is a primary defense mechanism, involving connective
ground substance, or hyaluronic acid, acting as a barrier against pathogenic
organisms. Some pathogens activate an enzyme, hyaluronidase, which once activated
destroys the integrity of the ground substance. This causes the barrier to
become leaky, allowing pathogens to invade, attach themselves to exposed
cells, penetrate the membrane and kill the cell. The result as an inflammatory
infection. Echinacea inhibits the action of hyaluronidase by bonding with
it in some way, resulting in a temporary increase in the integrity of the
barrier. Fewer pathogens are able to stimulate the destruction of the ground
substance. A range of constituents mediate this process, especially a complex
polysaccharide called echinacin B. This anti-hyaluronidase action is involved
in regeneration of connective tissue destroyed during infection and in the
elimination of pathogenic organisms creating the infection. Purified
polysaccharides prepared from Echinacea possess a strong activating force
on the bodys macrophage-mediated defense system. These macrophages initiate
the destruction of pathogens and cancer cells. Echinacea activates macrophages
by itself, independent of any effect with T-cells. A tumor-inhibiting principle
has been found, a oncolytic lipid-soluble hydrocarbon from the essential
oil. The echinacosides glycosides appear to be the primary antibiotics, but
there are many other active substances present which probably function
synergistically. The polysaccharides possess the best immune stimulating
properties and are also antiviral. Other constituents have been shown to
possess good anti-tumor, bacteriostatic, and anesthetic activity.
This all points to the conclusion that its actions relate to immune system
functioning on some level, helping deal with infections and stimulating the
immune response. It activates the macrophages that destroy both cancerous
cells and pathogens, increases the level of phagocytosis by raising levels
of white blood cells such as the neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and
B lymphocytes. It also has an effect on properidin levels, indication an
activation of the complement system.
Preparations & Dosage : Decoction: put 1-2 teaspoonfuls of the root in
one cup of water and bring it slowly to boil. Let it simmer for 10-15 minutes.
This should be drunk three times a day. Tincture: take 1-4 ml of the tincture
three times a day. Echinacea is often, inappropriately, used as a daily immune
support (whatever that is!). A quote from Dr. Daniel Mowreys excellent review
of Echinacea in Next Generation Herbal Medicine is pertinent here:
Daily intake should be restricted to what is deemed necessary. During cold
and flu season, two to four capsules per day is sufficient. In the presence
of acute infection, that dosage may be increased, without danger, to more
than 8 capsules. In the presence of chronic infections, such as chronic
hepatitis, echinacea may be used continuously for several months. However,
for the maintenance of a healthy immune system, echinacea is most wisely
used periodically--a few weeks on, and a few weeks off, throughout the year.
Echinacea is not a tonic in all aspects; granted that it has been observed
to stabilize the production of neutrophils, such tonic action has not been
observed on other immune factors, such as properdin production. In the absence
of conclusive experimental findings, it is both safe and wise to assume that
the constant, unremitting use of echinacea could be stressful on certain
aspects of the immune system. During breaks, the immune system will adapt
and increase in natural strength.
Echinacea: the most popular herb in North America used as a treatment for
toothaches, bites or stings and all types of infections.
Coenzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q10 is found in every cell in the body, thus its other name, ubiquinone
(from the word ubiquitous and the coenzyme quinone). Ubiquinone is a
naturally-occurring substance with a molecular structure that is similar
to vitamin K. Because the body must have energy available to perform even
the simplest operation, Coenzyme Q10 is considered essential for the body's
cells, tissues and organs.
Even though the body has the ability to produce Coenzyme Q10, deficiencies
have been reported in a range
of clinical conditions.
Supplementation of the coenzyme helps one guard against a possible deficiency.
Aging is considered one reason for a deficiency, since the liver loses its
ability to synthesize Coenzyme Q10 as one gets older. Besides aging, poor
eating habits, stress and infection affect the body's ability to provide
adequate amounts of Coenzyme Q10.
Known results of using Coenzyme Q10 as an oral supplement are energy increase,
improvement of heart function, prevention and cure of gum disease, a boost
to the immune system and possible life extension. AIDS is a primary target
for research on coenzyme Q10 because of its immense benefits to the immune
system.
The greatest amount of the coenzyme (and, therefore, the greatest need for
the enzyme) is contained in the heart and liver, which accounts for its positive
results in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, angina pectoris, coronary
disease, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, hyperthyroid heart failure,
mitral valve prolapse and hypertension.
Coenzyme Q10 may prove of benefit to those who are overweight because it
improves the efficiency of energy production at the cellular level. It has
also demonstrated excellent results in clinical trials on periodontal disease
by speeding up healing time, reducing gum pockets, and improving other factors
associated with gum disease.
Coenzyme Q10: an antioxidant involved in the electron transport chain needed
for all energy dependent processes in the body. CoQ10 increases helper T-cells
and reduces infection risk.
Liquorice
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Leguminosae
Habitat : Native to the Mediterranean region and parts of Asia, cultivated
worldwide.
Collection : The roots are unearthed in the late autumn. Clean thoroughly
and dry.
Part Used : Dried root.
Constituents : o Triterpenes of the oleanane type, mainly glycyrrhizin
(=glycyrrhizic or glycyrrhizinic acid), and its agylcone glycyrrhetinic acid
(=glycyrrhitic acid), liquiritic acid, glycyrrhetol, glabrolide, isoglabrolide,
licoric acid, & phytosterols.
o Flavonoids and isoflavonoids; liquiritigenin, liquiritin, rhamnoliquiritin,
neoliquiritin, licoflavonol, licoisoflavones A and B, licoisoflavanone,
formononetin, glabrol, glabrone, glyzarin, kumatakenin and others.
o Coumarins; liqcoumarin, umbelliferone, herniarin glycyrin.
o Chalcones; liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, neosoliquiritin,
rhamnoisoliquiritin, licuraside, licochalcones A and B, echinatin and others.
o Polysaccharides, mainly glucans.
o Volatile oil, containing fenchone, linalool, furfuryl alcohol, benzaldehyde.
o Miscellaneous; starch, sugars, amino acid etc.
Actions : Expectorant, demulcent, anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatotoxic,
anti-spasmodic, mild laxative.
Indications : Liquorice is a traditional herbal remedy with an ancient history
and world wide usage. Modern research has shown it to have effects upon,
amongst other organs, the endocrine system and liver. The triterpenes of
Glycyrrhiza are metabolized in the body to molecules that have a similar
structure to the adrenal cortex hormones. This is possibly the basis of the
herbs anti-inflammatory action. As an anti-hepatotoxic it can be effective
in the treatment of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, for which it is been
widely used in Japan. Much of the liver orientated research has focused upon
the triterpene glycyrrhizin. This inhibits hepatocyte injury caused by carbon
tetrachloride, benzene hexachloride and PCB. Antibody production is enhanced
by glycyrrhizin, possibly through the production of interleukin. Glycyrrhizin
inhibits the growth of several DNA and RNA viruses, inactivating Herpes simplex
virus particles irreversibly. It has a wide range of ises in bronchial problems
such as catarrh, bronchitis and coughs in general. Liquorice is used in
allopathic medicine as a treatment for peptic ulceration, a similar use to
its herbal use in gastritis and ulcers. It can be used in the relief of abdominal
colic.
Kings Dispensatory describes it thus: Liquorice root is emollient, demulcent
and nutritive. It acts upon mucous surfaces, lessening irritation and is
consequently useful in coughs, catarrhs, irritation of the urinary organs
and pain of the intestines in diarrhoea. It is commonly administered in
decoction, sometimes alone, at other times with the addition of other agents
and which is the preferable mode of using it. As a general rule, the acrid
bark should be removed previous to forming a decoction. When boiled for some
time the water becomes impregnated with its acrid resin; hence, in preparing
a decoction for the purpose of sweetening diet drinks or covering the taste
of nauseous drugs, it should not be boiled over 5 minutes. The efficiency
of the root in old bronchial affections may be due to this acrid resin. The
powdered root is also employed to give the proper solidity to pills and to
prevent their adhesion; the extract for imparting the proper viscidity to
them. The extract, in the form of lozenge, held in the mouth until it has
dissolved, is a very popular and efficient remedy in coughs and pectoral
affections. An excellent troche or lozenge, very useful in ordinary cough,
may be made by combining together 6 parts of refined Liquorice, 2 parts of
benzoic acid, 4 parts of pulverized alum, and 1/2 a part of pulverized opium.
Dissolve the Liquorice in water and evaporate to the proper consistency,
then add the powders with a few drops of oil of Anise and divide it into
3 or 6-grain lozenges. The bitterness of quinine, quassia, aloes and the
acrid taste of senega, guaiacum, mezereon and ammonium chloride are masked
by Liquorice.
Preparations & Dosage : Decoction: put 1/2 - l teaspoonful of the root
in a cup of water, bring to the boil and simmer for l0-l5 minutes. This should
be drunk three times a day. Tincture: take l-3ml of the tincture three times
a day.
Caution : There is a small possibility of effecting electrolyte balance with
extended use of large doses of liquorice. It has an ACTH like effect causing
retention of sodium thus raising BP. The whole herb has constituents that
counter this but it is best to avoid Liquorice if the patient has hypertension,
kidney disease or during pregnancy.
Licorice: an anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic herb used to boost energy,
treat respiratory tract infections as well as female disorders, ulcers, adrenal
insufficiency and congestion.
Boneset
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Compositae
Citations:
Names : Feverwort
Habitat : N. America
Collection : Boneset should be collected as soon as the flowers open in August
or September.
Part Used : Dried aerial parts
Constituents : o Sesquiterpene lactones ; eupafolin, euperfolitin, eufoliatin,
eufoliatorin,
euperfolide, eucannabinolide and helenalin
o Immunostimulatory polysaccharides, mainly 4-0-methylglucuroxylans
o Flavonoids; quercitin, kaempferol, hyperoside, astragalin, rutin, eupatorin
& others
o Miscellaneous: diterpenes - dendroidinic acid, hebenolide; sterols; volatile
oil.
Actions : Diaphoretic, bitter, laxative, tonic, anti-spasmodic, carminative,
astringent.
Indications : Boneset is one the best remedies for the relief of the associated
symptoms that accompany influenza. It will speedily relieve the aches and
pains as well as aid the body in dealing with any fever that is present.
Boneset may also be used to help clear the upper respiratory tract of mucous
congestion. Its mild aperient activity will ease constipation. It may safely
be used in any fever and also as a general cleansing agent. It may provide
symptomatic aid in the treatment of muscular rheumatism.
Priest & Priest tell us that it is a stimulating, tonic and antispasmodic
diaphoretic; indicated for influenzal epidemics and febrile conditions arising
in marshy districts. Acts upon the gastro-hepatic organs and promotes secretion
and excretion of bile. They give the following specific indications: Influenzal
colds & fevers with night sweats and aching bones. Pulmonary
inflammation/catarrh with cough and chest soreness. Post-influenzal gastric
irritation with biliousness and constipation. Skin diseases & eruptive
fevers of hepatic origin.
It is worth quoting from Kings American Dispensatory at length here: As a
tonic, it is useful in remittent, intermittent, and typhoid fevers, dyspepsia,
and general debility. In intermittent fever, a strong infusion, as hot as
can be comfortably swallowed, is administered for the purpose of vomiting
freely. This is also attended with profuse diaphoresis, and sooner or later
by an evacuation of the bowels. During the intermission, the cold infusion
or extract is given every hour as a tonic and antiperiodic. The chill and
succeeding fever is slight, the skin dry, and not,as a rule, followed by
perspiration; there are pains in the bones, praecordial oppression, and great
thirst. If, however, the case is one in which the fever lasts all day, a
slight sweating may follow at night. Another indication in ague is vomiting,
especially of much bile. Eupatorium given as above, or sometimes in small
doses, may relieve headache of intermittant character when the intermissions
are irregular. In epidemic influenza the warm infusion is valuable as an
emetic and diaphoretic, likewise in febrile diseases, catarrh, colds, with
hoarseness and pleuritic pains, and wherever such effects are indicated.
In infuenza it relieves the pain in the limbs and back. Its popular name
boneset is derived from its well-known property of relieving the deep seated
pains in the limbs which accompany this disorder, and colds and rheumatism.
often this pain is periosteal, and if neuralgic in character, or due to a
febrile condition, Eupatorium will relieve it. But it is not a remedy for
periosteal pain due to inflammation or to organic changes in the periosteum.
On the other hand, when given until the patient sweats, and then continued
in 5-drop doses of specific eupatorium it has relieved the severe nocturnal
muscular and "bone pains" of syphilis. It is a remedy for the cough of the
aged, that cough in which there is an abundance of secretion, but lack of
power to expectorate. The cough of measles, common colds, of asthma, and
hoarseness are also relieved by it. Unless given in excess it acts as a good
tonic to the gastric functions, increasing the appetite and power of digestion.
The stomach disorders of the inebriate are, in a measure corrected by the
use of small, tonic doses of Eupatorium.
Combinations : In the treatment of influenza it may be combined with Yarrow,
Elder Flowers, Cayenne or Ginger. With Pleurisy Root and Elecampane in bronchial
conditions.
Preparations & Dosage : Infusion: pour a cup of boiling water onto l-2
teaspoonfuls of the dried herb and leave to infuse for l0-l5 minutes. This
should be drunk as hot as possible. During fevers or the flu it should be
drunk every half hour. Tincture: take 2-4ml of the tincture three times a
day.
Boneset: a native American Indian herb with antiseptic, anti-viral properties
used for the treatment of colds and flus, coughs, fevers, indigestion and
pain.
Ginseng
The ancient Chinese believed that the root of the ginseng plant was the
crystallization of the essence of the earth in the shape of a man and that
ginseng had rejuvenating, recuperative, revitalizing, and curative action.
The first and anonymous Chinese materia Medica written by Shen-nong, stated
that ginseng was used for its tonic and tranquilizing effects; that ginseng
increased alertness, brilliance, and concentration, and improved memory;
and that ginseng prolonged use brought about longevity.
Ginseng Benefits:
Increase physical stamina and sexual prowess in both men and women
Enhance blood flow
Erection-booster
Helps regulate blood pressure;
Slow down degeneration of cells in human body
Reduce stress
Calm nerves
Increase metabolism
Strengthen immune system
There are two major ginseng species; Asian ginseng (panax ginseng) and American
ginseng (panax quinquefolium) The name of panax derived from Greek, means
"all cure" (pan means all, ax means cure). Ginseng meaning "wonder of the
world", has been known and respected by the Chinese for centuries. It is
true that ginseng possesses real value for improvement of human health. Modern
scientific findings on ginseng have well documented many attributed uses
and therapeutic effects of ginseng. Tonic action of ginseng has been the
most persistent; it is now often described as "tonic up the cerebral cortex"
and good to relieve stress (an "adaptogen" activity). Ginseng has a "universal
defence action" and meets all 3 requirements for adaptation effects.
1. Ginseng is not toxic and has no side effects. It does not cause any discomfort
or disorder in the physiological functions of the body.
2. The action of ginseng is neither local nor specific; i.e. it increases
the body's strength and ability of resistance to adverse stress or damages
(chemical, physical or biological agents)
3. Ginseng is a regulator , exhibiting normalizing effects of the body ,
the regulating effects of high or low blood pressure
More about ginseng:
- Ginseng stimulates both physical and mental activity. These effects are
found to be more pronounced in tired and weak people.
- Ginseng greatly strengthens and protects the human body from severe or
prolonged physical or mental stress
- Ginseng increases physical and mental efficiency, improves accuracy of
work, contributes to ones concentration, and prevents fatigue.
- Ginseng stimulates and improves the work of the brain cells. Ginseng is
well known to be a powerful regulator of the nervous system
- Ginseng stimulates the function of the endocrine glands.
Ginseng has been used in traditional Asian medicine for a long long time
as a general tonic and cardiotonic agent. Scientific studies evidence these
biological effects of ginseng and also support the uses of ginseng as an
antidote, antitumor agent, and an antidiabetic.
The usage of Asian and American ginseng is very different according to the
famous Chinese pharmaceutical compendium and Chinese traditional medicine
of Yin Yang.
American Ginseng possesses "cooling" property to the body, while Asian ginseng
possesses "warming". Therefore, people with the "warming" body should only
take American ginseng which is "cooling" , but people with "cooling" body
should only take Asian ginseng instead. Otherwise, contradictions exist,
particularly for people with high blood pressure, other diseases and weakness.
It is no wonder that American ginseng is often used to reduce stress and
fatigue, but not Asian (Chinese and Korean ) ginseng with more stimulating
and depleting effects.
Lu, Okauda and Yoshida, Lewis Muwalla and Abuirmeileh, and Kaku et al reported
that American ginseng has insulin-like activity, influences neurologic
reactions,reduces total cholesterol level and improves heart and blood
circulatory functions. American ginseng is found to balance and tone the
biochemistry system of the body, strengthen the immune system, provide enormous
energy, eliminate the daily fatigue, enhance the body vitality, and improve
physical and mental strength. In addition , American ginseng is effective
against high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases.
The differences between American and Asian ginsengs are well documented not
only by Chinese traditional doctors, but also by modern scientists, It is
found that the differences in the active, constituents may account for the
differing medicinal uses of American and Asian ginseng. Shibata's group and
Staba and his colleagues found that the types of saponins in American ginseng
are similar to those in Asian ginseng, the exceptions that ginsenosides Ra
and Rf found in Asian ginseng are absent from American ginseng. There are
some differences in quantity of ginsenosides Rg and Re groups between American
ginseng and Asian ginseng. Furthermore, the relative abundance of panaxadiols
and panaxatrios differs in the two ginseng species. American ginseng contains
very few ginsenosides with central nervous system stimulating activity, it
is regarded as a "cooling agent".
EFFECTS OF GINSENG ON SPORTS PERFORMANCE
Ginseng has been shown to enhance sports performance. Athletes from beginning
joggers to Olympic contenders agree that ginseng helps them overcome the
strain and drain of exercise. A recent Swiss study conducted by Dr. Anton
Kirchdorfer shows how ginseng helps. Thirty athletes were given exercise
tests on a programmed exercise cycling machine to assure a specific level
of muscle work. the heart rate and lactate concentration in the blood was
measured before, immediately after, and for several minutes following the
exercise.
Strong exertion for eight minutes raised the athletes heart rate from an
average value of about 70 to 155 (more than doubled). During recuperation,
their heart rate slowly returned to normal over a period of about 20 minutes;
their heart rates fell below 100 after 4-5 minutes.
The athletes were then given ginseng daily for nine weeks. The tests were
conducted again, using the same amount of exercise. Their pulse rates this
time increased to only 140, and during recuperation their heart rates fell
blow 100 within just 3 minutes, and were back to normal in 5 minutes.
Lactate (the substance that causes muscular pain following exercise was measured
during the same tests. Before using ginseng, the lactate levels of the athletes
increased from 2.0 before exercise to 10.5 afterward, without returning to
normal levels even after 20 minutes. Following nine weeks of ginseng
administration, lactate acid levels only reached 6.2 at their highest point,
and decreased to normal in about twenty minutes.
These figures show that the athletes were using oxygen much more efficiently
after taking ginseng. Thus, their hearts did not need to pump as fast, and
they did not produce as much lactic acid, (the by-product of oxygen use).
The quicker return to normal physiologic conditions also indicates that there
is less stress to the entire system.
The blood carries oxygen to the cells of the body. In the cells, oxygen combines
with chemicals obtained from food. Energy produced during the process makes
it possible for each cell to perform its function in the body. Ginseng can
regulate the basal metabolic rate, often raising it when it is too slow,
to increase the breakdown and metabolism of foods, liberating more energy
and removing more waste products.
Small protein material in ginseng are responsible for helping sugar and fat
metabolism. Also ginsenocides significantly alter the ability of the skeletal
muscles to use free fatty acids rather than glucose for energy. Ginseng causes
a more economical use of body energy and an extra storage of energy-producing
compounds in the liver.
Siberian Ginseng: stimulates T-cell and B-cell activity, energy, libido,
body fat burning and many stress-related conditions.
Melatonin
Melatonin
The pineal gland, until recently, has been referred to as the mystery gland,
since its functions were largely unknown. The pineal is now recognized as
a key element in the maintenance of the body’s endocrine regulation
(hormone balance), immune system integrity, and circadian rhythm (daily metabolic
balance). Melatonin is the principal hormone produced by the pineal gland.
Melatonin is under investigation as a treatment for a number of conditions,
including jet-lag, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), depression, and cancer.
Pineal polypeptide extract (which contains a broad spectrum of other,
protein-based pineal hormones) has been shown to inhibit the development
of atherosclerosis [Tasca, et al., 1974], reduce blood triglyceride levels
[Ostroumova and Vasiljeve, 1976], improve cellular immunity [Belokrylov,
et al., 1976; Dilman, 1977], and increase lifespan in animals [Dilman, et
al., 1979].
The pineal gland functions as a biological clock by secreting melatonin (along
with many other neuropeptides) at night. As you can see from the following
illustration, melatonin levels peak at about 2 a.m. in normal, healthy young
people and about 3 a.m. in elderly people. The maximum amount of melatonin
released in the bloodstream of the elderly is only half of that in young
adults.
Melatonin levels are low during the day. At sunset, the cessation of light
triggers neural signals which stimulate the pineal gland to begin releasing
melatonin. This rise continues for hours, eventually peaking around 2 A.M.
(3 A.M. for the elderly) after which it steadily declines to minimal levels
by morning. The delay in timing and decrease in intensity of the melatonin
pulse is a manifestation of the aging process.
The melatonin pulse regulates many neuroendocrine functions. When the timing
or intensity of the melatonin peak is disrupted (as in aging, stress, jet-lag,
or artificial jet-lag syndromes), many physiological and mental functions
are adversely affected. The ability to think clearly, remember key facts,
and make sound decisions can be profoundly hampered by these upsets in the
biological clock.
Melatonin for Jet-Lag
Jet-lag is a condition caused by desynchronization of the biological clock.
It is usually caused by drastically changing your sleep-wake cycle, as when
crossing several time zones during east-west travel, or when performing shift
work. Jet-lag is characterized by fatigue, early awakening or insomnia, headache,
fuzzy thinking, irritability, constipation, and reduced immunity. The symptoms
are generally worse when flying in an easterly direction, and it may take
as long as one day for each time zone crossed in order to fully recover.
Older people have an even tougher time adjusting to these changes than younger
people.
Circadian disturbances can easily result from conditions other than jet travel.
We call these “artificial jet-lag syndromes” because jet-lag is
universally understood. Artificial jet-lag can be induced by working night
shifts, working rotating shifts (like physician-interns, management trainees
for 24-hour businesses, and soldiers under battle-alert conditions), or by
staying up all night. Whatever its causes, jet-lag and artificial jet-lag
syndromes are seriously debilitating to cognitive function.
Melatonin taken in the evening (in the new time zone!) will rapidly reset
your biological clock and almost totally alleviate (or prevent) the symptoms
of jet-lag. The ability of melatonin to alleviate jet-lag was demonstrated
in a study of 17 subjects flying from San Francisco to London (eight time
zones away). Eight subjects took 5 mg of melatonin, while nine subjects took
a placebo. Those who took melatonin had almost no symptoms of jet-lag (see
illustration below) [Arendt, et al., 1986]. Six out of nine placebo subjects
scored above 50 on the jet lag scale, and all of the melatonin subjects scored
below 17.
Most people sleep well with melatonin, and wake up the next day refreshed
with no symptoms of jet-lag [Claustrat, 1992] (although they may still have
some fatigue from the wear and tear of traveling).
Many melatonin fans without any noticeable symptoms of circadian disturbance
are now using melatonin to enhance their circadian rhythms. They report that
it helps them get to sleep and helps them sleep more soundly. It also makes
them more alert the next day and even lessens mid-afternoon tiredness (and
naps).
In all cases, melatonin should be taken at night (preferably before midnight)
before going to bed. That’s when your pineal gland naturally releases
melatonin. Taking melatonin at night (or before your normal bedtime if you
are a shift worker) helps restore and maintain normal circadian metabolic
rhythms.
Does Melatonin Improve or Impair Mental Performance?
We were initially surprised to find a number of studies which reported on
adverse effects of melatonin on performance and alertness. One study [Lieberman,
1984] reported that melatonin users were less alert, more sleepy, and
demonstrated slowed “choice-reaction time.” Other studies also
indicated that melatonin impaired memory and performance [Neville, 1986].
We found, however, that in all of these studies, melatonin was given to subjects
in the daytime, before the performance tests, just the opposite of what they
should have been doing!
With circadian enhancers like melatonin, the timing is critical. When taken
in opposition to the body’s natural circadian rhythm, they cause cognitive
deficit just like jet-lag does. But when taken in synchronization with the
body’s natural circadian rhythms, they enhance mental performance. By
giving melatonin in the daytime, before the cognitive tests, the researchers
were causing the test subjects to suffer from artificial jet-lag and then
measuring the resulting cognitive impairment. Disruption of circadian rhythms
produces amnesia by interfering with the circadian organization of memory
processes [Sandyk, 1991].
Melatonin, by correcting circadian rhythms should, theoretically, improve
mental performance. We could only find one study in which melatonin was given
to rats at night. This study confirmed that next-day measures of learning
ability improved [Ovanesov, 1990]. We believe that melatonin, when taken
before sleep, will decrease sleep disturbances of any kind, and will, therefore,
improve mental function during the following day.
Melatonin for SAD and Depression
Two particularly notable features of depression and SAD are diminished nighttime
release of melatonin and abnormal sensitivity to melatonin suppression by
light [Brown, 1989]. This has led researchers and clinicians to try melatonin
as an experimental treatment for depression, with gratifying results.
Melatonin Extends Lifespan
Melatonin has also been shown to improve immunity and extend lifespan in
rodents [Regelson & Pierpaoli, 1987; Pierpaoli, et al., 1990]. Dr. Maestroni
[1988] gave melatonin to middle-aged mice each evening. The treated mice
became more healthy (better posture, increased activity levels, and thicker,
more lustrous fur) and lived an average of 20% longer than control mice.
Melatonin secretion naturally drops off with age (see the following graph).
This decrease is so reliable that blood melatonin levels have been proposed
as a measurement of biological age [Nair, et al., 1986]. This age-related
reduction in melatonin levels may partially account for the reason many older
people have difficulty sleeping at night, and for why they are so fatigued
during the day. We believe they may be suffering from age-induced
“jet-lag.” Restoration of normal sleep-wake cycles in many of my
[WD] elderly patients with supplemental melatonin before bedtime has dramatically
improved their quality of life.
Melatonin: Anti-Stress Hormone
Nighttime administration of melatonin can also counteract the immune-suppressing
effects of acute anxiety stress in mice. Measures used to confirm this were:
thymus weight, antibody production, and ability to fight off a lethal viral
infection [Pierpaoli and Maestroni, 1987].
Melatonin for Cancer Treatment
Melatonin also appears to inhibit tumor growth. In the United Kingdom, a
study was carried out on 14 cancer patients with cancers of different types.
The researchers concluded that “this study would suggest that melatonin
may be of value in untreatable metastatic cancer patients, particularly in
improving their quality of life. Moreover, based on its effects on the immune
system, melatonin could be tested in association with other anti-tumor
treatments” [Lissoni, 1989].
Melatonin in Alzheimer’s Disease
Very recent studies have found reduced levels of melatonin in the cerebrospinal
fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s disease compared to age-matched control
subjects [Tohgi, 1992; Skene, 1990]. Since circadian rhythms are disrupted
in Alzheimer’s disease, it is interesting to speculate whether restoration
of melatonin to normal levels in these patients would alleviate other symptoms
as well.
Melatonin and Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields
Sunlight is the primary environmental influence that regulates the internal
clock and the associated late-night melatonin pulse. There is some evidence
that the earth’s magnetic field may also be an environmental signal
affecting circadian rhythms in humans. When shielded from the earth’s
ambient magnetic field, human circadian rhythms can become disrupted [Tohgi,
1992].
Exposure to electromagnetic fields from appliances and from powerlines may
be even more significant than we think. There are reports of altered neural
function from exposure to ELF (extremely low frequency) fields, as found
near high-voltage powerlines, including suppressed melatonin levels [Lovely,
1988]. Supplemental melatonin may help to overcome the negative health
consequences of these fields.
Dosage
The appropriate dose can vary enormously from person to person. Dr. Pierpaoli,
a leading melatonin researcher, has successfully used dosages ranging from
0.1 to 200 mg. That’s a 2000-fold difference between the lowest dose
and the highest! Several intelligent melatonin users we know started by taking
3 mg at 11 p.m., and then adjusted the dose from there. If they found that
they slept well but were drowsy in the morning, they cut the dose in half.
If they found the dose had little or no sleep-inducing effect, they increased
the dose by 3 mg each night until they got the desired effect. We have received
reports from one person who gets good results from less than one milligram,
and several from people who use in the vicinity of 20 mg. Most people get
good results with doses between 3 and 10 mg.
Precautions
Timing may be crucial for the most effective use of melatonin. Individual
differences in the absorption and metabolism of melatonin may account for
the differences in size and timing of the resulting melatonin pulse. A good
illustration of this effect is found in the experiences of Dr. Tzischinsky
[1992] of the medical university in Haifa, Israel. Dr. Tzischinsky treated
an 18-year-old blind man suffering from chronic sleep disturbances. Presumably,
the young man’s blindness prevented sunlight from cueing his circadian
rhythm. He suffered from daytime fatigue, often falling asleep during the
day, but was awake at night. After two unsuccessful treatment regimens with
5 mg and 10 mg melatonin administered at bedtime (10 - 10:30 p.m.), Dr.
Tzischinsky tried a third regimen of only 5 mg administered at 8 p.m. for
three weeks. This approach resulted in a successful resolution of the man’s
sleep disturbances.
This observation (and others like it) demonstrate the importance of not only
adjusting the dosage but also the time of the dose. Melatonin seems to be
much more critical in this regard than other smart drugs. One melatonin user
reports that he gave himself terrible jet-lag by absent-mindedly taking melatonin
at 3 a.m. after staying up late. He recovered from this error, resetting
his circadian rhythm back to normal with melatonin at 10 p.m. the following
evening, but not before he had to spend an entire day in jet-lag hell for
his mistake.
Melatonin: a hormone produced by the pineal gland with strong antioxidant
and immune system boosting properties.
Pycnogenol
Pycnogenol® is a patented non-drug also known as "maritime pine bark"
has been shown to be useful
for over 80 degenerative diseases including allergy control. It has also
been shown to be a very powerful antioxidant and free radical scavenger even
more powerful than either vitamin C or vitamin E. These free radicals can
aging effects upon your body. Stress, air pollution, cigarette smoke and
chemicals can cause
your body to produce even more free radicals. Pycnogenol has the extra benefit
of working well with other essential nutrients in a complete heath supplement.
"Another group of plant pigments with remarkable protection against free
radical damage are the flavonoids
(found in pine bark). Flavonoid molecules are also quite unique in their
antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity in that they are active
against a wide variety of oxidants and free radicals."
-Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine
Pycnogenol can help support circulation in your hands, feet, and small eye
capillaries. It also helps increase skin smoothness, reduce inflammation,
and improve your joint flexibility.
Athletes have indicated that pine bark extract shortens their body's recovery
time from training, exercise regimen, or competitive events.
Some health problems that pycnogenol may help with are: alzheimer's, asthma,
allergies, attention deficit disorder, cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome,
hay fever, fibromyalgia, heart disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis,
stroke, and varicose veins.
Pycnogenol is also known as: Maritime pine bark, Pine Bark extract
Vitamin C and bioflavonoids, especially proanthocyanidins (pycnogenols) like
grape seed extract, pine bark extract and bilberry, quercetin, hesperidin
and catechin are powerful antioxidants.
Chlorophyll: a plant pigment which can be found in a long list of green leafy
vegetables and algae like spirulina, chlorella and barley green.
There are over a dozen more natural interferon boosters available at most
health food stores and pharmacies alone or in combination. For more information
about safe and effective natural ways to boost immunity, see your health
care practitioner.
